For most people, an occasional bout of acid reflux is viewed more as an inconvenience than a medical issue, and so they ignore it, or take an antacid or two.
But it's important to understand that ongoing, chronic acid reflux, when left untreated, can lead to some very harmful medical conditions, including:
Esophagitis, Barrett's Esophagus, and Esophageal Cancer
Backed-up stomach acids can injure the sensitive lining of the esophagus, which leads to a painful inflammation called esophagitis. Eventually, the acid wears away at the esophagus, causing bleeding. If the bleeding is heavy enough, blood can pass into the digestive tract and show up as dark, tarry stools.
In a small percentage of people, long-term acid exposure from GERD leads to a condition called Barrett's esophagus (BE). With this condition, new cells form to take the place of those damaged by acid reflux. These new cells, however, are abnormal, and have the potential to turn cancerous.
Narrowing of the Esophagus
Damage to the esophagus over time also can produce scarring, called strictures, which narrow the opening of the esophagus. These narrowed passages can make swallowing difficult and interfere with food and liquids getting into the stomach.
Asthma and Other Respiratory Problems
Asthma and heartburn are often interconnected. One possible explanation of the connection between GERD and asthma is that acid that backs up from the stomach gets into the airways. Chronic acid reflux has also been linked to several other respiratory conditions, including:
- chronic bronchitis
- chronic cough
- chronic sinusitis
- emphysema
- pulmonary fibrosis (lung scarring)
- recurrent pneumonia
Voice and Throat Problems
Acids can affect the throat, leading to hoarseness and laryngitis. Some people, particularly those with very severe acid reflux, have reported voice changes.
Dental Problems
When harsh acids make their way into the mouth, they can break down tooth enamel. A number of studies have noted that people with GERD have more dental erosion than normal. The condition can also lead to bad breath and an increase in saliva production.
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